About

Stage 1

Jessica B. O’Connell et al. Colon cancer survival rates with the new American Joint Committee on Cancer sixth edition staging. JNCI 96(19):1420-1425 (2004). PMID 15467030

Stage 2

International Multicentre Pooled Analysis of Colon Cancer Trials (IMPACT) investigators. Efficacy of adjuvant fluorouracil and folinic acid in colon cancer. Lancet 345(8955):939-944 (1995). PMID 7715291

Sharlene Gill et al. Pooled analysis of fluorouracil-based adjuvant therapy for stage II and III colon cancer: who benefits and by how much? JCO 22(10):1797-806 (2004). PMID 15067028

Alvaro Figueredo et al. Adjuvant Therapy for Stage II Colon Cancer: A Systematic Review From the Cancer Care Ontario Program in Evidence-Based Care’s Gastrointestinal Cancer Disease Site Group. JCO 22(16):3395-3407 (2004). PMID 15199087

J. Philip Kuebler et al. Oxaliplatin Combined With Weekly Bolus Fluorouracil and Leucovorin As Surgical Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Stage II and III Colon Cancer: Results From NSABP C-07. JCO 25(16):2198-2204 (2007). PMID 17470851

QUASAR Collaborative Group. Adjuvant chemotherapy versus observation in patients with colorectal cancer: a randomised study. Lancet 370:2020-2029 (2007). PMID 18083404

Donna Niedzwiecki et al. Documenting the Natural History of Patients With Resected Stage II Adenocarcinoma of the Colon After Random Assignment to Adjuvant Treatment With Edrecolomab or Observation: Results From CALGB 9581. JCO 29(23):3146-3152 (2011). PMID 21747085

Stage 3

Daniel J. Sargent et al. Disease-Free Survival Versus Overall Survival As a Primary End Point for Adjuvant Colon Cancer Studies: Individual Patient Data From 20,898 Patients on 18 Randomized Trials. JCO 23(34):8664-8670 (2005). PMID 16260700

Daniel Sargent et al. Evidence for Cure by Adjuvant Therapy in Colon Cancer: Observations Based on Individual Patient Data From 20,898 Patients on 18 Randomized Trials. JCO 27(6):782-877 (2009). PMID 19124803

Thierry Andre et al. Improved Overall Survival With Oxaliplatin, Fluorouracil, and Leucovorin As Adjuvant Treatment in Stage II or III Colon Cancer in the MOSAIC Trial. JCO 27(19):3109-3116 (2009). PMID 19451431

Lindsay A. Renfro et al. ACCENT-Based Web calculators to Predict recurrence and Overall Survival in Stage III colon cancer. JNCI 106(12):1-12 (2014). PMID 25359867

Stage 4 (FOLFIRI and FOLFOX trials)

de Gramont et al. Randomized trial comparing monthly low-dose leucovorin and fluorouracil bolus with bimonthly high-dose leucovorin and fluorouracil bolus plus continuous infusion for advanced colorectal cancer: a French intergroup study. JCO 15(2):808 (1997).

Hoff et al. Comparison of oral capecitabine versus intravenous fluorouracil plus leucovorin as first-line treatment in 605 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: results of a randomized phase III study. JCO (2001).

Van Cutsem et al. Oral capecitabine compared with intravenous fluorouracil plus leucovorin in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: results of a large phase III study. JCO 19(21):4097 (2001).

Cunningham et al. Randomised trial of irinotecan plus supportive care versus supportive care alone after fluorouracil failure for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Lancet 352(9138):1413 (1998).

de Gramont et al. Leucovorin and fluorouracil with or without oxaliplatin as first-line treatment in advanced colorectal cancer. JCO 18(16):2938 (2000).

Tournigand et al. FOLFIRI followed by FOLFOX6 or the reverse sequence in advanced colorectal cancer: a randomized GERCOR study. JCO 22(2):229 (2004).

Colucci et al. Phase III randomized trial of FOLFIRI versus FOLFOX4 in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer: a multicenter study of the Gruppo Oncologico Dell'Italia Meridionale. JCO 23(22):4866 (2005).

Stage 4

F. Loupakis et al. Primary tumor location as a prognostic factor in metastatic colorectal cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 107(3) (2015). PMID 25713148

K. Shitara et al. Prognostic factors for metastatic colorectal cancer patients undergoing irinotecan-based second-line chemotherapy. Gastrointestinal Cancer Research 4(5-6):168-72 (2011). PMID 22295128

Stage 4 (bevacizumab trials)

Hurwitz et al. Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. NEJM 350(23):2335 (2014).

Fuchs et al. Randomized, controlled trial of irinotecan plus infusional, bolus, or oral fluoropyrimidines in first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: updated results from the BICC-C study. JCO 26(4):689. (2008). PMID 18235136

Hochster et al. Safety and efficacy of oxaliplatin and fluoropyrimidine regimens with or without bevacizumab as first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: results of the TREE Study. JCO 26(21):3523 (2008).

Giantonio et al. Bevacizumab in combination with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin (FOLFOX4) for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer: results from the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study E3200. JCO 25(12):1539 (2007).

Saltz et al. Bevacizumab in combination with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy as first-line therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: a randomized phase III study. JCO 26(12):2013 (2008).

Vincenzi et al. Bevacizumab in association with de Gramont 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid in patients with oxaliplatin-, irinotecan-, and cetuximab-refractory colorectal cancer: a single-center phase 2 trial. Cancer 115(20):4849 (2009).

Kabbinavar et al. Addition of bevacizumab to bolus fluorouracil and leucovorin in first-line metastatic colorectal cancer: results of a randomized phase II trial. JCO 23(16):3697 (2005).

Bennouna et al. Continuation of bevacizumab after first progression in metastatic colorectal cancer (ML18147): a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncology 14(1):29 (2013).

Stage 4 (EGFR inhibitor trials)

Karapetis et al. K-ras mutations and benefit from cetuximab in advanced colorectal cancer. NEJM 359(17):1757 (2008).

Amado et al. Wild-type KRAS is required for panitumumab efficacy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. JCO 26(10):1626 (2008).

Heinemann et al. FOLFIRI plus cetuximab versus FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab as first-line treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (FIRE-3): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncology 15(10):1065 (2014).

Venook et al. Phase III trial of irinotecan/5-FU/leucovorin (FOLFIRI) or oxaliplatin/5-FU/leucovorin (mFOLFOX6) with bevacizumab (BV) or cetuximab (CET) for patients (pts) with KRAS wild-type (wt) untreated metastatic adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum (MCRC). JCO 32:5s (2014).

Cunningham et al. Cetuximab monotherapy and cetuximab plus irinotecan in irinotecan-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. NEJM 351(4):337 (2004).

Stage 4 (Regorafenib trials)

Grothey et al. Regorafenib monotherapy for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (CORRECT): an international, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 381(9863):303-12 (2013).

Li et al. Regorafenib plus best supportive care versus placebo plus best supportive care in Asian patients with previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (CONCUR): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncology 16(6):619 (2015).

MSI status

Hak-Mien Quah et al. Identification of Patients with High-Risk Stage II Colon Cancer for Adjuvant Therapy. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum 51:503-507 (2008). PMID 18322753

High-risk features in stage II

Christine M. Ribic et al. Tumor Microsatellite-Instability Status as a Predictor of Benefit from Fluorouracil-Based Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Colon Cancer. NEJM 349(3):247-257 (2003). PMID 12867608

S. Popat et al. Systematic Review of Microsatellite Instability and Colorectal Cancer Prognosis. JCO 23(3):609-618 (2005). PMID 15659508

Roth et al. Prognostic role of KRAS and BRAF in stage II and III resected colon cancer: results of the translational study on the PETACC-3, EORTC 40993, SAKK 60-00 trial. JCO 28(3):466-474 (2010). PMID 20008640